Back Ground
Majapahit was an empire in Indonesia that is ever existed
from circa 1293 up to 1500 m. Empire reaches its peak and became a great empire
that ruled a wide area during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350
to 1389.
The Majapahit Empire was the last
Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that ruled the archipelago and is considered one of the
greatest country in the history of Indonesia. His power lies in Java, Sumatra,
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Indonesia to the East, although his realm is still
debated.
Historiografi.
There is only a little physical evidence of Majapahit remains,
and its history is unclear. The main sources used by historians are: the
Pararaton (' book of Kings ') written in Kawi language and nagarakertagama in
old Javanese. Pararaton is focused upon Ken Arok (the founder of Singhasari)
but includes a number of shorter narrative fragments about the formation of
Majapahit. Meanwhile, old Javanese poem Nagarakertagama is written in the
golden age of Majapahit under the reign of Hayam Wuruk. After that time, the
thing that happens is unclear. In addition, there are several inscriptions in
old Javanese as well as historical records of China and other countries.
The
accuracy of all the Java-language manuscript disputed. There is no denying that
the sources that contain elements of non-historical and mythical. Some scholars
such as C. C. Berg considers all these scripts is not a record of the past, but
it has a sense of the supernatural in it can know the future. Nevertheless,
many scholars who contended that outline the sources is acceptable because it
is in line with the historical record of China, especially the list of
authorities and State Government which appears to be quite sure.
History Of Majapahit
Singhasari became the most powerful kingdoms in Java. This
matter to the attention of Kublai Khan, ruler of the Yuan dynasty in China. He
sent a Messenger named Meng Chi to Singhasari demanding tribute. Kertanegara,
the last ruler of Singhasari, refused to pay the tribute and the Envoy shaming
by destroying his face and cutting his ear. Kublai Khan angry and then launched
a great expedition to Java in 1293.
At that time, Jayakatwang, the adipati of Kediri, had killed
Kertanegara of Singhasari. At the suggestion of Aria Wiraraja, Jayakatwang
gives forgiveness to Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara's son-in-law, who comes to submitters.
Raden Wijaya then given jungle drag. He opened the forest and build a new
village. The village was named Majapahit, which was taken from a fruit name was
maja, and feeling "bitter" from the fruit.
When the Mongols arrived, Wijaya allied himself with the
army to fight against Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya attacked Allied turning
Mongolnya thus forcing them to pull back his forces in kalang-kabut because
they were in foreign territory. It is also the last chance for them to catch
the monsoon to be able to go home, or they should be forced to wait six more
months in a foreign island.
The
exact date of which is used as the date of birth of Majapahit was Coronation as
King, i.e. the 15th of the month Kartika 1215 saka, which coincides with the
date 10 November 1293. He was crowned with the formal name Kertarajasa
Jayawardhana. The Kingdom was facing problems. Some people are trustworthy
Kertarajasa, including Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi rebelled against him, though
unsuccessfully. It was suspected that the Prime Minister had Halayudha
conspiracy to overthrow everybody trusted the King, so that he can reach the
highest positions in Government. However, after the death of the last rebel
Kuti, Halayudha was captured and imprisoned, and then sentenced to death. Wijaya
himself died in ad 1309.
The son and successor of Wijaya, Jayanegara, Kala Gemet,
Significant calls it a "weak villain". Roughly at sometime in the
reign of Jayanegara, a pastor Italy, odoric of Pordenone visited Majapahit
Palace in Java. At 1328, Jayanegara was murdered by his doctor, Tanca. His
stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni, was supposed to replace him, but Rajapatni
retired from court and became a Bhikkhuni. Rajapatni appointed her daughter
Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi to become Queen of Majapahit.
In 1336, Tribhuwana Gajah Mada as
Prime Minister designate, at the time of his inauguration Gajah Mada Palapa
oath indicating its plans to expand of power and build a Raj. During
Tribhuwana's rule, the Majapahit Kingdom grew bigger and well known on the islands
of the archipelago. Tribhuwana ruled Majapahit until the death of his mother in
the year 1350. He was succeeded by his son, Hayam Wuruk.
Glory of Majapahit.
Hayam Wuruk, also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit
Kingdom from 1350 to 1389. At the time of Majapahit reached the peak of its
glory with the help of Prime Minister, Gajah Mada. Under Gajah Mada's command
(1313 – 1364), Majapahit conquered more territories.
According to the book of Nagarakertagama pupuh XIII-XV of
power in Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara Islands,
Maluku, Papua, Tumasik (Singapore) and some islands of the Philippines. This
source shows the widest limits as well as the Summit of Majapahit Kingdom.
However, the limitations of nature and the economy shows
that the powers of the regions seems to not be under centralized rule of
Majapahit, but are connected to each other by trade who may be a monopoly by
the King. Majapahit also has relationships with Champa, Cambodia, Siam,
Southern Burma, and Viet Nam, and even sent missions to China.
In addition to the attacks and a military expedition,
Majapahit also pursued a path of diplomacy and entered into an Alliance. The
possibility for political reasons, Hayam Wuruk eager mempersunting Princess CITRA
Rashmi (Pitaloka) of Sunda Kingdom as his consort. The Sundanese took this
proposal as an alliance agreement. In 1357 the Sunda King and his family and
bodyguards to accompany the Princess to Majapahit was married to Hayam Wuruk.
However Gajah Mada saw this as an opportunity to force the
surrender of the Sunda Kingdom under the Majapahit. The fight between the Sunda
Royal family with an army of Majapahit in the field of Bubat is not inevitable.
Despite the courageous resistance, the Sunda Royal family were overwhelmed and
decimated. Almost whole of the Sundanese Royal family can be destroyed
indiscriminately. Tradition mentioned that the Princess who disappointed, with
the broken heart is mute performing "bela starch" committed suicide
to defend the honour of his country. The story of Pasunda Bubat became the main
theme song in Sundanese manuscripts compiled in the days later in Bali. The
story is alluded to in a significant but not at all mentioned in the
Nagarakertagama.
The book of nagarakertagama arranged in 1365 mentioned the
culture of Royal products, graceful, and sophisticated, with a taste of art and
literature that are smooth and high, as well as an elaborate system of
religious rituals. The poet describes Majapahit as the Centre of a huge mandala
extending from Sumatra to Papua, including the Malay Peninsula and the
Moluccas. Local traditions in different regions in the archipelago still
records the legend of Majapahit. Direct administration by the Majapahit Kingdom
in eastern Java region only covers and Bali, outside that area just sort of
broad autonomy, the tribute payments periodically, and Paragon recognition over
them. But rebellions or challenge for the area Majapahit ketuanan can invite a
harsh reaction.
Next History
In
1377, a few years after Gajah Mada's death, Majapahit sent a punitive naval
attack against rebelion in Palembang. Although the ruler of Majapahit extended
its authority on the various islands and sometimes invading the neighbouring Kingdom
of Majapahit's main concern appears to be getting the biggest share of and
control of trade in the country. At a time when muslim traders and
proselytizers began entering the area of the archipelago.
Fall of Majapahit.
After reaching its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit power
gradually weakened. After the death of Hayam Wuruk in 1389, Majapahit Empire
entered a period of decline due to the conflicts fought over the throne. Hayam
Wuruk was heir to the Crown Princess Kusumawardhani, who married her cousin,
Prince Wikramawardhana. Hayam Wuruk also had a son of his concubine Wirabhumi,
who also demanded the right of the throne. The civil war called the war of
Paregreg is estimated to occur in the year 1405-1406, between Wirabhumi against
Wikramawardhana. This war eventually won by Wikramawardhana, semetara Wirabhumi
was captured and later beheaded. This civil war seem to weaken the control of
Majapahit taklukannya areas on the opposite side.
During
the reign of Wikramawardhana, a series of Ming dynasty naval expedition led by
Admiral Zheng He, a Chinese muslim General, arrived in Java a few times between
the period of 1405 to 1433. 1430 Zheng He's expedition has created the Chinese
and Arab muslim community in some port cities along the North coast of Java,
such as in Semarang, Demak, Tuban, and Ampel Thus Islam began to have a
foothold on the North coast of Java.
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